High-tech information technology is leading to increasing levels of growth in the scale and complexity of combat system-of-systems (CSoSs), thus giving rise to many challenges regarding the interpretation and understanding of military warfare information. Accordingly, we introduce the methodology of functional cartography into combat networks and propose an integrated framework named “functional cartography of heterogeneous combat networks based on the operational chain” (FCBOC) to extract and display the significant information of combat systems. In this framework, a novel functional module detection algorithm named operational chain-based label propagation algorithm (OCLPA), which considers the cooperation and interactions among combat entities and can thus naturally tackle network heterogeneity, is proposed to identify the functional modules of the network. Then, the nodes and their modules are classified into different roles according to their properties. A case study shows that FCBOC can provide a simplified description of disorderly information of combat networks and enable us to identify their functional and structural network characteristics. The results provide useful information to help commanders make precise and accurate decisions regarding the protection, disintegration or optimization of combat networks. Three algorithms are also compared with our algorithm to show that our method can most effectively find functional modules with practical meaning.