This article introduces a novel single-shot spatial light interference microscopy technique (SS-SLIM), aimed at enhancing the speed and efficiency of quantitative phase imaging (QPI). By incorporating a pair of non-polarizing beam splitters (NPBS) into the traditional spatial light interference microscopy (SLIM) system, the capability to simultaneously acquire four phase-shifted intensity images within a single frame is achieved. The system employs a spatial light modulator (SLM) to perform four-step phase modulation on scattered and unscattered light, and reconstructs the phase information from a single frame image captured by an image sensor. This design significantly improves the imaging speed, at least quadrupling that of the traditional SLIM system, while maintaining high temporal and spatial phase sensitivity. The study details the optical setup of the SS-SLIM system and analyzes the polarization and phase errors introduced by the non-polarizing beam splitters, proposing corresponding calibration methods. Strategies for system alignment and image registration are also thoroughly discussed to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the system. Experimental results demonstrate that the SS-SLIM system is capable of effectively performing quantitative phase imaging on polystyrene microspheres and red blood cells, and can monitor the dynamic fluctuations of the red blood cell membrane. These results substantiate the potential applications of the SS-SLIM system in biomedical research, particularly in scenarios requiring high temporal resolution and label-free imaging.